Concept memo or a proposal letter [this mini-proposal, which can be an Research

Concept memo or a letter [this mini- , which can be an expanded formal targeted at a specific Request f - Research Proposal Example Basic requirements The Pollution Prevention (P2) grant program has been initiated by aforementioned authorities for funding projects that aim at promoting environmental protection and reduction of waste emission. This program acknowledges the need to control number of lives that are lost each year to harmful social and environmental evils. Many business operations have devastating impact on our environment and health of people in surroundings. Pollution, gas emissions and contamination are common consequences for any business activity, which affect life expectancy of people across the globe. It is high time that several projects shall be initiated, that are dedicated to addressing these grave concerns and guarantee effective positive results upon completion of them. Businesses must become part of this program and promote awareness of environmental concerns and adoption of source reduction techniques (Norfolk and District, 1996; Blomquist, 1994). To cater this, a project has been plan ned to be initiated that provides technical assistance in designing measures of preventing pollution at the root source only. Offered solutions This project shall facilitate on-site training and education of employees for moving radically towards greener side and being more environment-friendly and health-conscious. It will provide learning opportunities for key personnel to conduct change management effectively within their organizations promoting positive attitudes and awareness for environmental footprint of business activities. Programs and events shall be arranged to educate the masses and create awareness to gain public support. Major objectives of this project include substantial reduction of carbon gas emissions and discovery of alternatives for factors of input that are either unsafe or otherwise have sustainability concerns. Heavy and thorough research is planned to be carried out to find new methods and horizons which enhance environmental performance of business and radi cally convert conventional business processes into pro-environment practices. Focusing on hazardous pollutants that are used in or result from business activities, this project aims at saving forests and trees, condemning chemical processes that increase carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emission and running pressure groups to promote usage of low carbon-emission vehicles polluting our environment. Implementation plan A detailed plan of implementation has been developed to achieve the planned outcomes from this project. Significant funding shall be required for conducting in-depth research for finding alternate methods and material (Kegler, et al., 1998). Various market surveys and interviewing techniques shall be deployed to collect vast amount of data and statistics from diversified sources. The project will require essential information regarding activities that cause carbon emission, costs involved, strong environmental and social stances taken by various green organizations, way s to improve efficiency of material having sustainability concerns, other projects working towards similar goals and other vital data that may be required from time to time. Thereafter,

Teenage Suicide Essay Example for Free

Teenage Suicide Essay Depression is the leading cause of teenage suicide. Severe depression is often accompanied by a general sense of suffering as well as the belief to escape from its hopelessness. The pain of existence often becomes too much for severe depressed people to bear. The state of depression changes their thinking, allowing ideas like â€Å"Everyone would all be better off without me† to make rational sense. They shouldn’t be blamed for falling prey to such distorted thoughts any more than a heart patient should be blamed for experiencing chest pain: it’s simply the nature of their disease. Often people suffer with it silently, planning suicide without anyone ever knowing. Untreated mental illness including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and many others are the cause for the wide majority of suicides. Some of the negative life experiences like death of a loved one, divorce, separation, or being victimized (domestic violence, rape, assault, etc), a loved one being victimized (child murder, child molestation, kidnapping, murder, rape, assault, etc.), feeling trapped in a situation perceived as negative, feeling that things will never get better, feeling helpless, feeling taken advantage of, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, a feeling of not being accepted by family, friends, or society, bullying, low self-esteem may trigger depression which mainly leads to suicide. However, depression can also lead to rape. Rape is a horrible crime and it effects the victims for the rest of their lives. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are common conditions among rape victims. Numerous rape victims have suicidal thoughts which leads to actually committing suicide. Unfortunately, sexual assaults are extremely common. Rape victim endure physical and emotional pain. Teenager thats done been through a sexual abuse feel many different emiotions including fear of their abuser, anger at other adults around them who didnt protect them, isolation because they feel alone in their experience, shame for not being able to stop the abuse, guilt for not being able to stop the abuse and confusion because their feelings change constantly. Many rape victims said,They feel like the rapist sentenced them to a life of hell. Bullying is the third leading cause of teenage suicide. Bully-related suicide among teenagers can be connected to any type of bullying, including physical bullying, emotional bullying, cyberbullying, and sexting. Bullying is an extremely serious problem in schools that is resulting to people taking their own lives. Many adults  still see bullying as being kid related, but it is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects for victims, including suicide. Bully victims are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non- victims, according to Yale Unveristy. The most popular and powerful, single out and harshly bully a socially weaker classmate which then drives the victim into a darkness where he or she sees no alternative other than committing suicide. Bullying is defined as an ongoing pattern of intimidation by a child or teenager over others who have less power.

Health Policy Regarding To Smoking Health And Social Care Essay

Health Policy Regarding To Smoking Health And Social Care Essay This essay will demonstrate the government health policies regarding to smoking including with changes in health care field from the development of NHS with current scenario. It is important to know what is policy. Policy is a collection of different ideas and methods which is used for the improvement in any field including health care and on the other hand, health policy is a practical device, or advantageous procedure and political course of action [ Hennessy, D. Spurgeon, P., 2000]. Health policies may be explained as the strategies methods adopted as being advantageous, measure to provide within the recourses available from health systems that, at least maintain and preferably improves health. As time is changed there is changed in people thinking, behavior and their lifestyle due to this reason the consumption of cigarette smoking in society is increased from last few decades. Smoking has been recognized as one of the most considerable causes of avoidable death and disease. Smoking alone is the supreme cause of preventable illness and premature death in UK and smoking is responsible for 23 Percent in males and 12 Percent in female deaths. There is more than 106,500 deaths are due to cigarette smoking (Wilkinson S. et al, 2004). Smoking is defined as the inhalation and exhalation of smoke from flaming tobacco in cigarettes, cigars and pipes etc. Historically smoking put into practice, was followed by inhabitants of western hemisphere, in spiritual rituals and for therapeutic purposes. Smoking has a history preliminary from the late 1500s.Cigarette smoking is a serious health hazard. Tobacco contains nicotine a toxic substance named alkaloid -and some others dangerous stuff like carbon monoxide, prussic acid, and ammonia etc which are very harmful for the health. The current scenario of smoking in England have fallen from 28 percent in 1998 to 25 percent in 2003-means approximately 1.2 million smaller numbers of smokers (Department of health,2003). Due to smoking , one in five deaths held in UK and smokers lose, Tobacco smoke can causes the 90 percent of lung cancer then non smokers(Peterson and Peto,2004) [Neubeck, L., 2006]. It is anticipated that about 120,000 young men who aged between 30 and 50 years in the United kingdom are impotent as a consequence of smoking [British Medical Association(BMA)] , 2004]. The main aim and purposes for choosing this topic is to study smoking policy in united kingdom and to improve knowledge about current health policies on local level or at national level and to see the statistical data of smoking cessation and what are the government policies regarding the smoking cessation in the society for different age groups and to discuss the need, origination and operation of policies in health care. To develop the understanding about health care system in the United Kingdom and to improve knowledge about NHS as an organization and its role and policies in health care system. Smoking is considered very dangerous for health not only for an individual but for the nation also because many billion pounds every year spend by NHS for prevention. Smoking is a causing factor of many diseases which is related to our health and environment directly or indirectly such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart diseases lifestyle related problems and behavioral problems. Due to smoking, people become habitual and then it is hard to come out from this situation or if a person suddenly quit then it gives some harmful effect to our body. Smoking affects the person and it effects others through second hand smoking and passive smoking. if a pregnant women involves in any kind of smoking during pregnancy then, this is not only harmful to her but also to her baby too and the results are baby deliver with some congenital anomalies. In the UK (Department of health, 1998) illustrates that, approximately 23% in 1995 and 15% in 2009 babies were born with disabilities who were delivered from smoker mothers. So the government introduced new health policy on smoking ,Choosing health (Department of Health, 2007) introduced the smoke free public policy which says that no is allowed to do smoking in public place such as malls, buses and railway station etc.. This policy included with, to regulate the way of smoking is portrayed on television and on advertisement in newspapers and mark health warning notice on tobacco products. There are some causing factors which enhance or encourage youth to involve in smoking such as now a days it shows as a symbol of prestige and personality which effects the youth and children. Specially children are more prone to be affected by smoking directly or indirectly because they learn from elders and they are more curious to learn and try everything and on health effect their lungs are smal l compare to adults and their immunity is low and they are more prone to get and harmful effect of cigarette smoke. According to human anatomy children breaths faster than the adults and hence they inhale more toxins and harmful chemicals as compare to adults. Smoking can cause many diseases it affects the respiratory system and can lead to diseases like cancer, bronchitis etc. .It also causes the headache and poor circulation, bad breath and stomach cancer and cancer of the pancreas ( Peterson and Peto,2004).According to Department of health (2005) in the general adult population for 2001 still shows that approximately 28 percent of men and 25 percent of women smoke (Department of health 2005). There are some other effects of smoking cessation like restlessness, waking up at night, increased appetite, Depression, Mouth ulcers and cancers, with poor concentration on work (smoking and health, 2005). There are some other risk factors associated with the second-hand smoking. In adults it causes coughing, feeling sick and breathing problems and in babies and children much higher rate of cot death as compared to the children of non smokers. Higher chances of ear infection, complaints of coughs, sneezing and cold and flu (Source Jamrozik, 2005). Nowadays due to change in the disease pattern people are thinking about their health .They want to have smoking policies which reduces the rate of smoking. Thinking of people Behavior and life style is changed. The disease rate of lung cancer, cardiovascular system and respiratory problems are increased due to smoking. In UK 12000 people are die in every year due to second-hand smoke (Jamerozik, 2005). In addition to this, smoking affects in a loss of productivity among workers, and ill health. A smoke free policy needs to be practical and impartial. Second-hand smoke is of two types: Main stream and Side stream smoke. The Residential and Commercial Services (RCS) introduce that all public places including residential areas, offices areas will be smoke free. This policy comes into progress on Sunday 1st July 2007.Smoking Is prohibited in all enclosed premises i.e. university buildings, covered walk ways. This policy applies to all university employees, students, residents and visitors etc. NHS Direct has a duty to promote and maintain the health of the community. It extends to the work environment, and thus help in promotion of general well being of all people. The NHS Direct policies not worried with people who smoke but with where they smoke and to prevent effects of smoking on visitors, and non smoking colleagues. It is also alarmed with the presence of carcinogenic substances in the vicinity of NHS Direct sites. From 1st July 2007, practically all enclosed places including work places in England will become smoke free, which will make sure a better and healthy environment, so that everyone can relax, travel and work free from second-hand smoke ( NHS Direct,2008 ).According to this policy smoking is prohibited in all working areas, such as centers and offices surroundings at all times, it will also includes after working hours periods and shifts as well as evenings and weekends and will also in the following ordinary areas: meeting Room, kitchen areas, Store Room reception Areas. According to Health and Safety at work etc Act, 1974). In UK the Department of Health (NHS Direct, 2008) has taken achievement to increase the general awareness of the risks concerned with the second-hand smoke through the following: countries first ever multimedia and education campaign. Funding to facilitate smoke free cities network and to help cities move towards smoke free on a voluntary basis. Almost all 50 percent in UK (there are 60,000 in the UK) and half of the Restaurants Association (10,500 group and individual restaurants). Benefits of Action and Second-Hand smoke: Environment and Economic benefits for society individual and industries includes: The NHS expenditures is reduced through smoking prevalence. The costs from the sickness absence are reduced. It enhances safety benefits (such as reduced fire risks).The cleanliness and maintenance costs are reduced. The Action on smoking and health report relates to strategy of tobacco control for England and recommendations which reflects the current balance and reserved powers in England. By helping smokers to quit, harm of tobacco can be reduced. All health professionals should have the skills to provide basics to stop smoking advice to the persons who smokes including the provision of treatment and referral to specialist stop smoking services. There are medicinal products on the market to help the smoker to quit and they also provide substitutes of Nicotine products. The tobacco control community looks ahead to working with the government in shaping the new strategy and new era in tobacco control. The Department of Health, 2004 has set a further public sector agreement(PSA) targeted as to reduce the rate of smoking to 21 percent or less by 2010( 26 percent in 2002). According to a Report of Smoking in public places on 15th December 2005 was published by the House of Commons Health Committee. They command paper sets out the government response in the report. The aim of government to achieve reduction in smoking frequency through along with combination of policies, which will help 70 percent of smokers who they want to quit. Smoking in pregnant women remains and issue of public health because the women who continued smoking during pregnancy, the infant born were hospitalized for a considerably more number of days (Petrou etal, 2005)[ ]{midwives attitude to smoking and smoking cessation in pregnancy}. The other national services highlights the danger of smoking like National Services Framework for heart diseases, cancer and children, young person and maternity services they highlights of the danger of smoking . The Health Action Zone in England, April 1999 to March 2000. The White paper Smoking Kills announced the new money for setting up the cessation services over a three year period. The NHS smoking cessation services will provide a new move towards help the people who want to quit smoking. They provide specialist and intermediate services. In specialist smoking cessation services they provide intensive treatment, usually clinics, run by smoking cessation specialists, usually in form of group over the course period of 5-6 weeks. It also includes Nicotine Replacement Therapy. In intermediate services provided by the other health practitioners who have taken some kind of recognized training usually they provided on a one to one basis, their services also include Nicotine Replacement Therapy. The new evidences has made by committee in 2004 , which has based on the report of Scientific Committee On Tobacco and Health [SCOTH],1998.They pay attention to the new organization between the secondhand smoke and lung disease. They have published their latest report from SCOTH was along with the Choosing Health White Paper.[Department of Health,2009]. The carpool vehicles should need to display the No smoking signs (NHS, smoking in workplace.2009). The cost effectiveness for government like NHS cost in overall smoking is estimated approximately 1.5 billion pounds a year. This cost will be reduced by decreasing the rate of smoking, about 1.7 percentage rate of smoking is reduced from 25 percent, then it means that about 100 million pounds are saved annually( ). The development of a smoke-free policy needs to be a practical and impartial. These policies are created to give staff guidance, patient and visitor clear guidance on what is acceptable. The government policy for smoking in the work places is that to reduced passive smoking all employers have to provide designated smoking areas outside the organization (Department of Health, 2009). Nowadays, the lifestyle of people has been changed the smoking rate is increased in both men and women. Parents smoke in front of their children this leads to affects the children because the children are more curious to learn and they want to trial and experiment of smoking in their peer groups. In pubs and discos youth enjoying their parties with wine, alcohol and smoking. They start due to their peer pressure and thereafter they become habitual of smoking. People spend most of times outside from their homes and they live alone so they start drinking alcohol and smoking to reduce their boredom and tensions. Due to this kind of social impact on the people the rate of smoking is increased. Nurses play an significant role for delivering health policies in the society through the use of education program for on individual and to the community. Encourage people to attend workshop for the cessation of smoking provide them support to come out of this .Use the opportunities to explain the relationship between changes in health status and smoking. They assess the smoking status of patients and to give advice all smokers to stop. They assist the people who interested in doing so. Health care practioners offer follow up and refer them to specialist stop smoking services if they required. For heavily addicted smokers who are currently unable or to quit, there is also the possibility of switching to pure Nicotine products (which like the current medicinal products on the market, contain Nicotine only and other tobacco derivates).Smokers are addicted to Nicotine but they are harmed by the tar and toxins in tobacco. Now there is more than ever a need for increased efforts to promot e tobacco education and the intervention amongst nurses in order for them to have the prospective to be credible and successful advisers to patients and the public. The community healths nurses are in very good position interfere with smokers. Many who want to give up smoking do so as a result of the health problem. So the problems in community in those nurses have a significant role to help them and community and community people to quit from this lethal problem. People who are habitual to smoke of if they want to quit from it then and nurses and government have to prepare policies to available to them substitute of smoking for example Nicotine Replacement therapy such as chewing gums. Asses the smokers to and help them to quit the smoking give them proper advice and suggestions and help them to take classes and join workshops to the smoking in the society. Advice them that take proper substitute of smoking instead of taking tobacco instance they may consume nicotine substances or the cigarettes and they also take some medical subanstances to reduce their smoking habit. the community health nurse should health to stop smoking . And there are fa ster acting NRT produce Department of Health, 2000ts available and are being developed in the current scenario. There are more and more treatments are becoming available for smoking cessation. It is a rapidly developing field in the society and there are some others methods like Hypnotherapy is suggested and Acupuncture therapy is beneficial. The care which is offered to the pregnant women would impact on society. In conclusion, many government policies have been implemented in local and national level for the development of people and encourage them to adopt healthy life style and stop smoking although the government gets several incomes from the sale of tobacco products. These policies and recommendations are taken from NHS and the department of health and implemented in the society. The harmful effects of smoking not only affect to the mother but also their baby in the womb and the impact of health care policies in health care system. It starts with the effects on the fetus and carries on throughout childhood.

Geographic Information Sytems :: Significant Elements of GIS

Significant Elements of GIS GIS unites graphical representation of characteristic items (e.g. trees, houses, wells, streets, and so forth.), properties of items and apparatuses to oversee conduct of the guide objects. This makes, GIS goes far past the administration of ―backgroundâ€â€" mapping as it gives genuine positional mindfulness in backing of leading examination crosswise over various wellsprings of data. Incorporating ERP and GIS The test is that organizations actualize different requisitions for a reason; every is intended to help the needs of a specific client assemble in performing their particular assignments. Geological data frameworks (GIS) have the capacity of putting away, controlling, examining and imagining the geospatial data through maps. Frequently, picturing the information on maps is more applicable than taking a gander at the plain information, which is the reason GIS has started to be incorporated in key business requisitions additionally. The collaboration between GIS and ERP data frameworks, offers focal points to any endeavor in both store network administration and advertising ranges. Logistic firms oblige shorter request cycle, more dependable conveyances, better warehouse administration and they must hold their transportation fetches under control. With a specific end goal to accomplish these objectives, the reconciliation of GIS, GPS and ERP innovations was proposed by researchers and by business programming sellers. In the promoting region, ERP/GIS incorporation might be helpful in all showcasing blend segments: item (fragment clients by lifestyle and item advancements and classification), value (usage of estimating strategy relying upon area), spot (site choice and conveyance directing) and advancement (create target geocode clients, comprehend client using). With a coordinated framework, a client can do a cluster of capacities that could affect corporate running cost by fulfilling the accompanying: Enhance asset usage, examination, wellbeing and stake trustworthiness through a capacity to speak to work requests and warnings at their accurate area on a GIS map. Enhance operational proficiency (e.g. wellbeing, dispatching) by speaking to work exercises that effect a zone as polygons on the guide and ID of briefest courses. Enhance workforce gainfulness by giving more extensive program based access to ERP and GIS based possessions, upkeep, and client data. Lessen administration sets back the ol' finances by stretching an on-line organization toward oneself entrance with fundamental business forms (e.g. report flawed gear). Hoist client administration and choice making with stretched access to ERP information from the GIS map. Associations that incorporate GIS with ERP fit in with

The First Contact in Apocalypse Now

The First Contact in Apocalypse Now and Heart of DarknessIn Apocalypse Now, Francis Ford Coppola obviously modifies and embellishes the characters, scenes and dialogue of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. However, with only minor modification Coppola powerfully represents Charlie Marlow’s first contact with Kurtz’ camp. Marlow is greeted by a completely unexpected young Russian adventurer who had become a part of Kurtz’s family. Although Coppola has changed the Russian adventurer into an American photojournalist he has kept the characterizations and dialogue very close to Conrad’s original. In doing so, the impact, theme and message of the cinematic and textual versions of the same scene are virtually parallel. Nonetheless several elements missing from the screen version causes it to be less than helpful in understanding the text version.The young Russian was Charlie Marlow’s first sight when he reached Kurtz’ camp and he looked at hi m â€Å"in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering† (p. 119). Although not English like Marlow, he made immediate note of his commonality as a â€Å"brother sailor† (p. 116). Rather impetuously he requests some of Marlow’s â€Å"excellent English tobacco† while pointing out â€Å"your pilot-house wants a clean up!† (p. 115). Aware of Marlow’s potential peril at the hands of the natives, he advises him to keep the boat’s whistle ready; â€Å"one good screech will do more for you than all your rifles† (p. 115).The Russian took it upon himself, and appeared literally compelled to tell Marlow as much as possible of Kurtz and his relationship with him. He was clearly in awe of Kurtz and yet casually mentioned Kurtz had threatened to kill him. He described the great intellectu al and emotional conversations they shared. He made no apologies for the obvious atrocities carried out under Kurtz’ command—human heads mounted on stakes. As an explanation he pleaded to Marlow â€Å"you don’t know how such a life tries a man like Kurtz† (p. 124).He denied Kurtz was mad; he protested â€Å"you can’t judge Mr. Kurtz as you would an ordinary man† (p. 121). In spite of it all—or perhaps because of it all—the Russian had nursed Kurtz through illnesses and tried to convince Kurtz to leave the jungle. But Kurtz remained: according to the Russian â€Å"this man suffered too much. He hated all this, and somehow he couldn’t get away† (p. 121). The Russian knew it was time to leave and perhaps time for Kurtz to leave as well, and Marlow gave him cartridges, tobacco and even shoes as he was leaving the camp. Upon leaving he exclaimed â€Å"you ought to have heard him recite poetry—his own, too†¦oh, he enlarged my mind!† (131).Coppola is very faithful to the original in his characterization of the American photojournalist who greets Willard on his arrival. The American, nameless as Conrad’s Russian, quickly establishes his commonality with Willard and the crew, crying out â€Å"American! I’m an American civilian!† Similarly he quickly boards the boat, stating happily â€Å"you got the cigarettes!† and exclaiming â€Å"This boat is a mess, man!† Willard is flabbergasted at his appearance, but just as grateful as Marlow when the American advises â€Å"just zap ‘em with your siren!† in reference to the hostile natives surrounding the boat.The American, like the Russian, is a â€Å"disciple† of Kurtz and takes it upon himself to tell Willard all he can about Kurtz and his relationship with him. He’s concerned Willard has â€Å"come to take him away† this â€Å"great man† who is â€Å"a poet warr ior in the classic sense.† Like the Russian, the American has also been threatened with death by Kurtz but is loyal nonetheless. Willard, like Marlow, sees the grotesque heads on pikes and the American responds â€Å"you’re looking at the heads—sometimes he goes too far† and fears â€Å"you’re gonna call him crazy.†The two scenes are virtually parallel in theme and message. The appearance of both characters is completely unexpected and adds the suspense of â€Å"what else can be expected in this other-worldly place?† The unexpectedness is combined with the theme of being caught off-guard by the appearance of someone â€Å"familiar† in an unfamiliar environment. Is it safe or dangerous to trust this person?Additionally the characters provide Marlow/Willard with â€Å"interpretations† and defense of Kurtz, which is equally frightening when the profound effect of Kurtz upon the characters is revealed. It is a very effective way of giving substance to a man who has yet to be seen. The characters are very appropriate gatekeepers to the â€Å"Heart of Darkness† Marlow/Willard are about to enter. The message is the power Kurtz can exert on a fellow European/American and both reader and viewer are left to wonder what effect Kurtz will have on Marlow/Willard.Unfortunately Coppola’s scene does little to assist in understanding the scene as written by Conrad for a very simple reason: despite the dramatic jolt the American gives, he is an â€Å"incomplete† if not â€Å"throwaway† character. Conrad’s Russian is a man of his own adventure who had nursed Kurtz and urged him to leave; he clearly recognizes the time to move on, which helps put Kurtz and his influence on the Russian in perspective.Coppola’s American, by contrast, has not been of any assistance to Kurtz nor urged him to leave, and is not heard from after bringing Willard into the camp. The Russian has survived and thrown off the influence of Kurtz; whether the American survives is left to the imagination. Despite this, Coppola has provided the viewer a powerful visual representation of the entry into the Heart of Darkness.ReferencesConrad, Joseph. (2003). Heart of Darkness. New York: Barnes & Noble.Coppola, Francis F. Apocalypse Now. 1979. Zoetrope Studios.

Prehistoric Homo Essays - Human Evolution, Humans, Free Essays

Prehistoric Homo Essays - Human Evolution, Humans, Free Essays Prehistoric Homo sapiens not only made and used stone tools, they also specialized them and made a variety of smaller, more complex, refined and specialized tools including composite stone tools, fishhooks and harpoons, bows and arrows, spear throwers and sewing needles. For millions of years all humans, early and modern alike, had to find their own food. They spent a large part of each day gathering plants and hunting or scavenging animals. By 164,000 years ago modern humans were collecting and cooking shellfish and by 90,000 years ago modern humans had begun making special fishing tools. Then, within just the past 12,000 years, our species, Homo sapiens, made the transition to producing food and changing our surroundings. Humans found they could control the growth and breeding of certain plants and animals. This discovery led to farming and herding animals, activities that transformed Earths natural landscapesfirst locally, then globally. As humans invested more time in producing food, they settled down. Villages became towns, and towns became cities. With more food available, the human population began to increase dramatically. Our species had been so successful that it has inadvertently created a turning point in the history of life on Earth. Modern humans evolved a unique combination of physical and behavioral characteristics, many of which other early human species also possessed, though not to the same degree. The complex brains of modern humans enabled them to interact with each other and with their surroundings in new and different ways. As the environment became more unpredictable, bigger brains helped our ancestors survive. They made specialized tools, and use tools to make other tools, as described above; they ate a variety of animal and plant foods; they had control over fire; they lived in shelters; they built broad social networks, sometimes including people they have never even met; they exchanged resources over wide areas; and they created art, music, personal adornment, rituals, and a complex symbolic world. Modern humans have spread to every continent and vastly expanded their numbers. They have altered the world in ways that benefit them greatly. But this transformation has unintended consequences for othe r species as well as for ourselves, creating new survival challenges. Early human beings left Africa over 1 million years ago Humans have incredibly low genetic diversity You may be part Neanderthal The human population crashed about 80,000 years ago Humans navigated the Indian ocean in boats 50,000 years ago Homo sapiens has only had a culture for less than 50,000 years Homo sapiens has always used fire as a tool Homo sapiens is still evolving rapidl

Constitutional Issues essays

Constitutional Issues essays The Jane Hodgson v Minnesota case revolved around a State law whereby a woman below 18 could not obtain an abortion until 48 hours after her parents had been notified (Legal Information Institute 1990). Exceptions were if the woman was a victim of family abuse or neglect; a court of competent jurisdiction allowed her to proceed upon presentation of evidence that she was "mature and capable of mature consent;" and if the abortion was to her best interests. Concerned sectors filed a complaint at the District Court that the statute violated the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment. The District Court declared the statute completely unconstitutional and enjoined that it be so enforced. The District Court found that requiring the notification of both effects on both the woman and her parents if the latter were divorced or separated or the family was dysfunctional. It agreed that the minor could bypass the two-parent requirement because of its tediousness and the ensuing loss of privacy, and, therefore, did not further the interests of the State in protecting the welfare of the woman. It also held that the 48- hour delay, in many cases, entailed significant risk involved in the securing of an abortion. It ruled that the permission of one parent was sufficient to serve the interests of the State in the case of normally functioning families, where the decision of one parent would be presumed to be in the best interests of the minor and the State would not question the decision of that one parent. It also noted that there were thousands of dysfunctional families affected by the two-parent requirement, which was an "oddity" among state consent provisions. The Court of Appeals, however, reversed the District Court's verdict affirmed the original State statute. It pointed to three separate but constitutional issues on the two-parent requirement and the ...